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Enviado el: martes, 19 de enero de 2016 17:34
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Asunto: PRO/PL> Orange rust, sugarcane - Argentina: 1st rep (MN), (TM)
disease survey
ORANGE RUST, SUGARCANE - ARGENTINA: FIRST REPORT (MISIONES), (TUCUMAN)
DISEASE SURVEY
****************************************************************************
*********
A ProMED-mail post
<http://www.promedmail.org>
ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases <http://www.isid.org>
In this posting:
[1] 1st report: Misiones
[2] Disease survey: Tucuman
******
[1] 1st report: Misiones
Date: November 2015
Source: Plant Disease, First Look [edited]
<http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-09-15-1099-PDN>
[ref: C Funes, et al (2016). First report of orange rust of sugarcane caused
by _Puccinia kuehnii_ in Argentina. Plant Disease, First Look, posted 23 Nov
2015; DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-09-15-1099-PDN]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
In April 2015, lesions typical of orange rust were observed in a commercial
sugarcane field in Misiones province on a non-identified cultivar (a complex
hybrid of _Saccharum_ spp). Symptoms on leaves differed from those of brown
rust of sugarcane (_P. melanocephala_), commonly observed in the region.
Leaf samples were analyzed. Uredinia and urediniospore were similar
morphologically to those described for the fungus _Puccinia kuehnii_, causal
agent of sugarcane orange rust. Uredinial lesions were orange and variable
in size, hypophyllous, ellipsoidal to fusiform in shape, and distinctly
lighter than pustules of _P. melanocephala_ that were present along with _P.
kuehnii_.
Identification of the pathogen was confirmed by molecular studies. The
internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S ribosomal RNA, and internal transcribed
spacer 2 of the rust were sequenced. The sequence was identical to sequences
of _P. kuehnii_ and distinct from known sequences of _P. melanocephala_.
Orange rust, initially reported in the Asia-Pacific region, has caused
important losses in Australia. In the Western Hemisphere it was first
reported in Florida in 2007 [see ProMED-mail post
http://promedmail.org/post/20070731.2457]. Since being reported in Brazil in
2009 [see ProMED-mail post http://promedmail.org/post/20100122.0247], annual
surveys have been conducted in all sugarcane production regions of
Argentina. At present, the only focus of orange rust infection detected is
the one in Misiones province, located 1200 km from Tucuman, the main
sugarcane growing region of the country. To our knowledge, this is the 1st
report of _P. kuehnii_ in Argentina.
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******
[2] Disease survey: Tucuman
Date: Sat 9 Jan 2016
Source: La Gaceta [in Spanish, trans. Corr.SB, summ. Mod.DHA, edited]
<http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/667371/economia/tecnicos-recomiendan-contro
lar-plantaciones-cana-aparicion-enfermedades.html>
It is recommended to monitor sugarcane crops for appearance of diseases.
Major diseases currently observed in Tucuman include brown rust (caused by
the fungus _Puccinia melanocephala_) which was most prevalent in varieties
TUCCP LCP 85-384 and 77-42, as well as, to a lesser extent, "red streak"
(_Acidovorax avenae_) and smut (_Sporisorium scitamineum_).
Environmental conditions are very conducive for brown rust and an alert was
issued for the current crop. Of particular worry is the possibility of
emergence of new strains able to overcome resistance of varieties. This was
the case for LCP 85-384, the variety most commonly grown in Tucuman, which
became very susceptible to brown rust in 2005 when the pathogen overcame its
resistance.
It is being stressed that while in 2015 orange rust was reported in Misiones
for the 1st time in the country, so far it is only found in that province.
However, growers should be warned not to stop monitoring for the disease
and, when in doubt, consult specialists.
The current varietal distribution in Tucuman (83 per cent of the area is
planted with LCP 85-384) poses a particularly high risk for the arrival of
orange rust. Therefore, it is recommended to diversify the sugarcane area
using new varieties currently made available to producers.
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[Orange rust of sugarcane caused by the fungus _Puccinia kuehnii_ has the
potential to cause significant economic losses to the crop.
Symptoms include minute, elongated yellow lesions, which develop an orange
to orange-brown colour as they expand. Most rust pustules occur on the lower
leaf surface with more lesions toward the leaf base.
Disease development is favoured by warm, humid summers and cool autumns, and
by rain. The rust spores are rapidly spread by wind, as well as by
mechanical means and with contaminated materials. Disease management
includes fungicides and development of resistant cane varieties suitable to
local requirements.
In Australia, _P. kuehnii_ had been present for 100 years, but in 2000, a
much more virulent strain emerged devastating the then most widely grown
sugarcane cultivar. When the disease was reported for the 1st time in the
western hemisphere in 2007 from Florida, USA (ProMED-mail post
http://promedmail.org/post/20070731.2457), it was not clear whether this was
a similar scenario with emergence of a new strain of a previously
unrecognised endemic pathogen, or whether the pathogen was actually
introduced to the US at that time.
Orange rust has been reported since then from additional countries in the
Americas (see previous ProMED-mail posts listed below).
Characterisation and comparison of fungal isolates from the different areas
would be needed to clarify whether these reports represent the spread of the
same fungal strain from Florida; are due to separate incursions from the
same or different sources; or represent separate mutation events detected as
a result of increased vigilance in the region.
For brown rust caused by the related _P. melanocephala_, colour and
distribution of leaf lesions vary from orange rust, and development of this
pathogen is inhibited by rain.
Sugarcane smut is caused by the fungus _Sporisorium scitamineum_. It is
highly contagious and can be spread by wind or carried on clothing and
machinery. Symptoms are a black whip-like structure emerging from the
central core of meristematic tissues. The whip contains spores covered with
a thin membrane, which ruptures easily to release the spores. Smut spores
survive for long periods in soil or plant debris.
Disease management may include removal of inoculum, burning of infected cane
fields, fungicides and use of clean planting material.
However, smut control is best achieved by using resistant cane cultivars
available for different regions.
The bacterial pathogen _Acidovorax (previously _Pseudomonas_) avenae_ subsp.
_avenae_ (Aaa) can affect a number of mainly grassy hosts, including crops
such as maize, millets, sorghum, oats, sugarcane, and rice, while
pathogenicity on wheat varies with strains. The bacteria can be spread by
water, mechanical means (including animal and human activities), and
infected plant materials (including crop debris).
Seed transmission is suspected in some hosts. Disease management may include
crop rotation and phytosanitation to prevent spread (for example,
disinfection of farming tools). Chemical control (copper
compounds) may be effective but is hardly feasible for large areas.
Maps
Argentina:
<http://media.maps.com/magellan/Images/ARGENT-W1.gif> and
<http://healthmap.org/promed/p/4> Provinces and regions of Argentina:
<http://www.zonu.com/argentina_maps/Argentina_Regions_Map_2.htm>
Americas, overview:
<http://www.worldofmaps.net/en/north-america/north-america-maps/map-north-an
d-south-america.htm>
Pictures
Sugarcane orange rust:
<http://amarillo.tamu.edu/files/2010/11/OtherSickCropsTX.jpg> and
<http://www.apsnet.org/publications/imageresources/PublishingImages/2011/FI0
00130.jpg>
(leaf lesion, close-up)
Sugarcane smut symptoms:
<http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/13732.jpg>
Aaa bacterium, microscopy:
<http://bacmap.wishartlab.com/system/images/1275/medium/Acidovorax_avenae.jp
g?1319706619>
Links
Information on sugarcane orange rust:
<http://eprints.qut.edu.au/28111/> and via
<http://www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/FLsugarcane.pdf>
_P. kuehnii_ taxonomy:
<http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=243512>
Other fungal taxonomy via
<http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp>
Information on sugarcane smut and disease description:
<http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/SC008>
Aaa pathogen information and hosts:
<http://www.tifton.uga.edu/fat/bacterial.htm#Bacterial%20Leaf%20Stripe>,
<http://bacmap.wishartlab.com/organisms/1275>, and
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18993005>
- Mod.DHA]
[See Also:
2012
---
Bacterial leaf blight, maize - Uganda: (TR)
http://promedmail.org/post/20121216.1454980
2011
---
Orange rust, sugarcane - Ecuador: 1st rep.
http://promedmail.org/post/20111214.3597
2010
---
Orange rust, sugarcane - Mexico: 1st rep
http://promedmail.org/post/20100426.1342
Orange rust, sugarcane - Brazil: (SP) 1st rep
http://promedmail.org/post/20100122.0247
2008
---
Orange rust, sugarcane - Guatemala: 1st rep.
http://promedmail.org/post/20080605.1795
Smut, sugarcane - Australia (02): (NSW) 1st report
http://promedmail.org/post/20080421.1412
Smut, sugarcane - Australia (QLD): update
http://promedmail.org/post/20080317.1040
2007
---
Orange rust, sugarcane - USA: 1st report
http://promedmail.org/post/20070731.2457
2004
---
Brown rust, sugar cane - Australia (WA)
http://promedmail.org/post/20040129.0337
2001
---
Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, rice - Burkina Faso
http://promedmail.org/post/20010714.1362
Puccinia sp., sugarcane orange rust - Australia (Qd)

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